Wheat
Wheat
Common Name :- Wheat
Botanical Name :-Triticum
Origin :- South-East Asia
Type Of Crop :- Cerals
Understanding about crop:
- Wheat is one of the major cereal crops in India and all over the world and its cultivated area and production is more than any other cereal crop. Wheat plays a major role in the nutrition of half of the world’s population. Chapati, bread and similar products, semolina and Maida can be prepared from it.
- Globally, 222.21 million hectares of wheat is under cultivation. The annual production of wheat is 779.03 million tones and in the year 2021-22, wheat cultivation area is 30.54 million hectares in India. Wheat production during the season 2021-22 is 106.84 million tones and the national average productivity is 3484 kg per hectare.
- Among the food crops grown in Maharashtra, wheat is an important rabbi season crop. Wheat is grown both under irrigated and rainfed agriculture. The area under this crop was 11.26 lakh hectares in 2020-21 and yielded 2.07 million tonnes.
- The average yield of wheat in Maharashtra is 1839 kg per hectare. The productivity of the state is very low compared to the average productivity of India (3484 kg per hectare). Reasons for low production of wheat in Maharashtra are cultivation of dry land wheat, use of light soil for wheat cultivation, inappropriate irrigation according to crop stage, non-use of improved varieties, frequent changes in temperature, lack of crop protection, non-adoption of tillage technology and late sowing of wheat. . If the following measures are planned to get more production of wheat, the productivity of wheat in Maharashtra will definitely increase
- Key features: Government of India declared Rs. 2125 per qt as minimum support price in the agricultural year 2023-24.
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- Soil and climate:
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- Generally suitable for all type of soil but well-drained, heavy and deep soil should be selected for irrigated wheat. However, good yield can be obtained by application of fertilizers and chemical fertilizers in average soil. If one or two irrigations are available, wheat should be planted in heavy soils that retain moisture in the soil. If possible, wheat should be avoided in light soils.
- Wheat is Rabi season crop requires cold and dry climate, temp. more than 4ºC require for good germination
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- Land preparation:
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- The roots of wheat crop penetrate up to 60 to 75 cm deep in the soil. Therefore, soil with good humus content should be selected for this crop. In Maharashtra, wheat is sown after the harvest of Kharif season crops. After the harvest of Kharif season, the land is tilled with an iron plough, 15 to 20 cm. Plow deep. After that the land should be pulverized by giving 3-4 layers of harrowing. 10 to 12 tonnes of well-rotted dung/compost should be spread before the last tillage. Also, the waste of previous crops and other waste should be collected and used for compost.
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- Seed treatment:
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- Seed treatment: Treat the seed with any one of the following fungicides Carbendazim @ 2 g/kg of seed, Thiram @ 2 g/kg of seed or Carboxin @ 2 g/kg of seed.
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- Seed and sowing:
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- Seed: 20 to 22 lakh plants per hectare should be planted in the field for higher production of wheat. To get this number, 100 to 125 kg of seed should be used per hectare.
- For late sowing, 125 to 150 kg of seed should be used per hectare. 75 to 100 kg of seed should be used per hectare for protected irrigated wheat.
- Sowing: There should be enough moisture in the soil at the time of sowing. If there is no proper moisture, the soil should be moistened first and after drainage, the soil should be loosened. For timely sowing of irrigated wheat 20 cm. and late sowing 18 cm. row to row distances should maintain.
- Sowing should be done at shallow depth means 5 to 6 cm. should be deep so germination is good. To cover the seed, the harrow should be run upside down so that the seed is well pressed and covered.
- Improved Varieties: Nifad-34 where 2-3 irrigations are available, NIAW-301 (Tryambak), NIAW- 917 (Tapovan), NIDW-15 (Panchavati), HD-2987 (Pusa Bahar)
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- Irrigation management:
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- Wheat crop requires 4 – 6 irrigations depending on the soil type and rainfall. Wheat crop requires minimum of 5 irrigations at the following critical stages. I – Immediately after sowing II – Crown root intiation: 15-20 DAS III- Active tillering stage: 35-40 DAS IV- Flowering stage : 50-55 DAS V- Grain filling stage : 70-75 DAS Crown root initiation and flowering are the most critical stages. Water stagnation should be avoided at the time of germination.
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- Nutrient management:
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- Generally wheat need NPK in the ratio of 2:1:1, (100:50:50)
- 10 tones of well rotted cow dung or compost should be applied per hectare for irrigated wheat crop. 120 kg of nitrogen, 60 kg of phosphorus and 40 kg of potash should be applied per hectare for timely sowing of irrigated wheat. Half of the nitrogen and all of the phosphorus and potash should be applied at the time of sowing and the remaining half of the nitrogen should be applied at the time of first watering after weeding 3 weeks after sowing. For late sowing, 80 kg of nitrogen, 40 kg of phosphorus and 40 kg of potash should be applied per hectare. Half of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash should be applied at the time of sowing and the remaining half after 3 weeks of sowing.
- For wheat production in plain deep black land of western Maharashtra, pre-sowing application of 1 tone of cow dung per hectare followed by sowing of wheat in rows (15 to 30 cm) at 70:35 per hectare or phosphorus kg, urea, DOP through briquettes (2.7 gm briquettes) apply in a soil at 10cm deep at 30 cm distance between the rows
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- Intercultural operations:
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- Wheat is infested by weeds such as haryali. For that, the land should be freed by weeding or hoeing once or twice as necessary. Interculturing operations kills weeds and helps retain moisture in the soil. For control of broadleaf and short leaf weeds in wheat, Metsulfuron methyl + Idosulfuron methyl sodium 400 g per hectare or 2, 4-D (sodium) plus 2 percent urea 600 to 1250 g mixed with 600 to 800 liters of water at 30 to 35 days after sowing. Spray in line. Do not water for 10 to 12 days after spraying the herbicide.
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- disease management:
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- Wheat crop is likely to suffer heavy losses due to diseases such as black and orange rust, blight, black spot on wheat grain. Among these diseases, black and orange rust, both important damaging diseases, can reduce yield by up to 90 percent. To avoid rust disease only rust resistant varieties should be selected for sowing. As a preventive measure for rust, the crop should be sown on time and the crop should be irrigated as required and fertilizers should be given in recommended quantity. Mancozeb 75% w.p. for tambera disease control Or Zainab 75% W.P. 30 grams of this fungicide in 10 liters of water or propiconazole 25% e.c. 10 ml of this fungicide should be sprayed in 10 liters of water. If necessary, the second spray should be done at an interval of 15 days after the first spray. The problems of wheat rust and wheat grain black spot have increased recently. Two sprays of copper oxychloride + Mancozeb fungicide 20 gm each in 10 liters of water at 15 days interval should be done as soon as blight disease outbreak appears. If necessary, the second spray should be done 15 days after the first spray.
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- Pest management :
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- Wheat is damaged by aphids, weevils and borers. Infestation of mealybugs, weevils and weevils up to three weeks after sowing can cause heavy damage. Seed processing must be done for this. Metarhizium anisopli or Verticillium lecani 1.15 percent w.p. Spray at the rate of 40 grams per 10 liters of water and second spray after 15 days. For chemical control of mealybug pest, 2 sprays of Thiomethacom (25 W.G.) 1 gm or Acetamiprid (20 SP) 5 gm per 10 liters of water at 15 days interval should be applied as soon as mealy bug appears.
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- Harvesting and yield:
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- Harvest the crop when the grains become hard and straw becomes dry and brittle. Trash and winnow the grains. Use mechanical threshers to reduce the cost of threshing and winnowing.
- Crop with good cultivation practices can yield up to 45-50 qt, late sown irrigated crop can yield up to 35-40 qt and rainfed wheat yields 12-14 qt
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- Do’s and don’ts :
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- Cultivation of Wheat on highly deteriorated soil should be avoided.
- Areas which are prone to heavy rain in late season tall varieties should be avoided
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